Friday 17 July 2015

Generations of Computer

The development of electronic computer can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used.
The generations of computer are as follows:


First Generation Computers (1942-1955)



First generation computers were used during 1942-1955. They were based on vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days. Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers. These computers heated  very soon due to thousand of vacuum tubes. They used only machine language. Punch cards were used for input in these computers. Examples of first generation computers are ENIVAC and UNIVAC-1 etc.






Second Generation Computers (1955-1964)

The transistors was used in second generation computers. Transistors are smaller, more reliable and consume far less power as compared to vacuum tubes. Examples of second-generation computers are IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400 series and CDC 164 etc.







Third Generation Computers (1964-1975)
The major invention of third generation computer was the development of IC. IC stands for Integrated Circuit. A single IC chip contains thousands of transistors. The computer became smaller in size, faster , more reliable and less expensive. Some examples of third-generation computers are IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108 and IBM 370 etc.




Fourth Generation Computers (1975-Present)

The fourth generation computers started with the invention of microprocessor. Microprocessor is a small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer. The size of modern microprocessor is usually one square inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits.
The first microprocessor was produced by Ted Hoff in 1971 for Intel Corporation. The name of this processor was Intel 4004. Examples of fourth generation computers are Apple Macintosh adn IBM PC.



Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

The 5th generation computers are based on the technique of artificial intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken words instructions and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language is also moderately possible with fifth generation computers. Scientists are trying to create a computer with real IQ with the help of advance programming and technologies.

Uses of Computer


A computer is used in every field of life. The use of computer has made different tasks very easy.

Uses Of Computer at home

computer can  be used at home in the following ways:
Home Budget: Computer can  be used to manage home budget.the user can easily calculate expenses and income. The user can make calculations to plan home budget.
Computer Games: Different types of games are available. Many games are available that are specially developed to improve mental capability and thinking power.
Working From Home: People can manage the office work at home.The owner of a company can check the work of the employees from home.
Entertainment: People can find entertainment on internet.They can watch movies,hear songs and download different stuff.They can watch lives matches on internet.
Information: The user can find any type of information from internet you are download books,tutorials and other material to improve your knowledge.
Chatting: You can Chat with your friends on internet.you can also talk with them.Different messages,files and information can be send to them.


Uses Of Computer in Education



Computer can  be used in education in the following ways:

CBT(Computer-Based Training): CBT are different program that are supplied on CD-ROM. Audio and video lectures are recorded on the CDs. CBT is a low cost solution for educating people.It can be used to train a large number of people easily.
Online Education: Many websites provide online Education.The user can download educational material,books and tutorials.Some universities provides online lectures.
Research: Computers are also for research purposes.Different research scientist can share their research using internet. Many websites are developed for research.


Uses Of computer In Industry


Computer can  be used in industry in the following ways:
Automated Production Systems: The car factories assemble cars by computer-controlled robots.These systems work quickly than human beings.
Design Systems:Many products are designed using CAD (Computer Aided Designed).Computers programs are used to design the model of a product on the computer.The actual product is produced after completing the design.


Uses Of Computer in business

Computer can be used in business in the following ways:
Marketing: A business organization can use computers for marketing their products.Computer is used to manage distribution system,advertising and selling activities.
Stock Exchange: Many stock exchanges use computers to conducts bids.The stockbrokers perform all trading activities electronically.It reduces cost.
Banks: The use of computers in banks saves time and provides convenience for customer. Many banks  provide the facility of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to with draw cash directly from machine.Banks  provide credit card to purchase different items on the internet.Banks use computers to maintain customer accounts.
Departmental Store:  The cashier can enter sales data in computer by using barcode reader. The computers Used this input to calculate bill.

Uses Of Computer in Medical Field

Computer can  be used in medical field in the following ways:
Hospital Administration: A computer can be used for administration of       hospital.We can keep record of different medicines, their distribution and use in wards etc.
Recording Medical History: Computer is used to store medicals history of patients .A doctor can keep record of his past treatment,suggested medicines and results etc.
Monitoring Systems: Many computerized devices are used to monitor the blood pressure, heartbeat and brain of the patients.
Life Support Systems: Life support systems are used to help disabled persons.Many devices are used to help deaf person to hear.

Introduction To Computers



Computer:



Computer is an electronic device that is used to solve various problems according to a set of instructions given to it. A computer can accept data, process data into useful information and store it for later use. Computer word is derived from compute that means to calculate. Computer is used to perform arithmetic  and logical operations Calculation is not the only use of computer. it can be used for different purposes.


Characteristics Of Computer:


Following are The important characteristics of a computer
Speed:    A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second.Computer speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHZ) or Giga Hertz (GHz).
Storage:     A computer can store large amounts of data permanently. The user can store and type of data such as text, graphics ,audio and video files.
Processing:  A computer can perform different types of processing. It can perform arithmetical and logical  processing.
Accuracy:    Accuracy means to provide results without any errors. A modern computer perfoms millions of operations in one second without any error.
Consistency:    A Computer works in a consistent way. Computer perfoms all jobs with equal attention.
Communication:    A computer can communicate with other computers. Computers can share data , instructions and information.